Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

The board - Essay Example These understudies need a proper spot for finishing their assignments and schoolwork ventures. What's more, requirement for neighborly contemplating condition increments during assessment period. Subsequently, understudies stay in desperate need of a suitable ecological setting to lead their learning exercises. College of Colorado at Denver generally has study rooms and library offices. In any case, these rooms open their entryways for a predetermined number of hours. Studies demonstrates that lesser understudies would utilize around 15 hours, while senior understudies utilize 20 hours consistently in class work arrangements (Seung 89). In this specific circumstance, it is proper to consider improvement of an office that gives an every minute of every day study room benefits around the grounds. The principle targets of this venture incorporate arrangement of an easy to use learning condition for the understudy populace. The primary point is to encourage accessibility of a 350-underst udy limit study room inside the office. This space will oblige a noteworthy number of understudies all nonstop. Aside from singular examination segments, the office will have lounges implied for useful conversations identifying with learning forms. The task likewise thinks about the way that advanced learning forms requires use of electronic information sources from the web (Seung 46). Along these lines, included partners will guarantee that the UCD office has completely prepared and operational PC research centers. Aside from destinations of advancing scholastic learning, the task will upgrade arrangement of a reasonable social environment for the understudies. This part of socialization will be tended to by establishment of TV live with diversion highlights. Furthermore, understudies will procure work openings through different administration related opportunities inside the office. Expansion of a nibble seller booth will encourage age of assets that can be utilized to improve adm inistration conveyance inside the office. When all is said in done, combination of every one of these angles inside the task will effectively provide a good and practical condition for considering. Understudies who might like to direct their learning exercises at capricious hours will profit by this undertaking. In such manner, office the board will guarantee advancement of a manageable secure environment that will considerably build reading time for the college understudies. So as to guarantee target advancement of an achievable task proposition, the concerned group will apply natural endeavors in including applicable experts in their particular jobs. Important specialists inside the project’s work structure would incorporate the university’s organization. Significant data needs to arrive at the grounds the board in an opportune way. For this situation, opportune arrangement of applicable information expands odds of undertaking endorsement from the organization. Aside from the grounds directorate, various calculated grants will be essential during development work out. For this situation, city specialists will assume a noteworthy job in empowering initiation of development plans usage. Opportune arrangement of sane data should arrive at city authorities so as to assess the quality and legitimacy of the venture in meeting its destinations. This implies reasonable correspondence procedures and channels will encourage securing of important licenses from city

Week 5 posts 8000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 posts 8000 - Essay Example Nursing is an extremely far reaching field and considering they are paramedics, your master’s information outperforms their degrees of accreditation. On your subsequent issue, you have expounded on the significant expense of nursing programs. You have contrasted a few projects and those of comparative if not lesser quality and the term and cost that you may discover pointless. My suggestion would be, keep your certainty on achievement of better expectations as it increments on your data on nursing. A debt of gratitude is in order for your educational post on this week’s conversation subject. I concur that morals help with recognizing what's going on and what is correct. In medicinal services, since you are managing patients and their prosperity respectability is a fundamental issue. As indicated by Hamric, Spross, and Hanson, (2009) a medical attendant ought to figure out how to keep mysteries, endure and battle. This is all to the generosity of the patient. You have additionally included that moral clashes in the medicinal services area can emerge from proficient associations, explore, sexual orientation, torment, or even life issues. This is apparent as the nurse’s advance in their vocations. An answer for this difficult you have included would be a medical attendant achieving a DNP. This outfits them with abilities to deal with clinical predicament. Nonetheless, you have said that they are likewise in a predicament with torment the executives and end life emergency. You have given a case of a dialysis understanding with a stroke and how the emergency clinic went about it. The incorporation of the different experts to disclose to the family on steps to take, expound on morals in the clinic. Additionally in the diabetic patient, it is well

Holohoax Essay Topics - Free Stuff to Get You Started

Holohoax Essay Topics - Free Stuff to Get You StartedHolocaust essay topics have become extremely popular over the past few years. These essays are used in college classrooms, workbooks, professional journals, and personal writings. They are used in all forms of education - not just in the Holocaust. Students, teachers, and adults who read essays on this topic will find them to be fascinating, because they are relatively easy to write and make the reader think about their own reaction to the Holocaust.What is special about these essay topics is that they touch on many different aspects of the Holocaust. They show how students, teachers, and readers can explore the many things they could think about - but not write about - during this period of time. In other words, this essay series is multi-dimensional.Part of the appeal of this type of essay is that many of the Holocaust essay topics cover both the actions of the Nazis and those of those they murdered. For example, in one of the Ho locaust essay topics, a student asks: 'How can one understand the Holocaust when they only know about the slaughtering of Jews?' The student writes, 'I wonder how much the Holocaust has changed me.'Another Holocaust essay topic asks, 'How much impact did the Holocaust have on my view of life and humanity? Because of the Holocaust, I am more aware of the risks and opportunities involved in the choices we make. The lessons we learn are valuable, but perhaps even more valuable is the lesson we learn from the Holocaust. I would like to know more about the Holocaust in order to use it as a teaching tool for my class.'In addition to the essay on the Holocaust, one of the other essays deals with the Holocaust's influence on the American population. One reader questions the 'primacy of the Holocaust' in the US. As another wrote, 'We don't hear a lot about the Holocaust when we talk about the Holocaust. How does the Holocaust figure into our personal and social development?'The Holocaust ess ay topics ask, 'What can one say about the Holocaust without making it seem as though he or she is diminishing its terrible impact? What does the Holocaust teach us about human nature?' The Holocaust writer challenges the reader to ask, 'What do you think the Holocaust taught us about humanity?' And 'What lesson do we learn from the Holocaust?'This topic was used in a college class on the Holocaust by a student named Steven. He wrote, 'The Holocaust taught me a very important lesson: Whether one chooses to accept the Holocaust or reject its validity is irrelevant. I did not learn that many years ago, nor should I have to be reminded of this lesson. It was one of the worst tragedies of the 20th century, and it must never be forgotten.'This essay series is truly an educational opportunity to explore what the Holocaust did to humans. Students learn what motivated Hitler, what he feared most, and what he became so obsessed with.

Unlike Fisher, John Yoo Believes That The Intention Of

Unlike Fisher, John Yoo believes that the intention of the framer was to lay out a Constitution that would evolve with time. He is not stating that the Constitution does not hold true but rather that because of different circumstances during these times that the Constitution should not be followed word for word. This is why Yoo’s believes that the President can hold power to declare and terminate war and has because Congress has allowed the President to make these decisions. He acknowledges that his approach is different. He feels that without strict limitations to the Constitution it provides more flexibility when it comes to war making decisions (pg. 293). He argues that the Constitution does not explain a single process when it†¦show more content†¦12). WPR was written poorly stating that they only consult congress and not making it mandatory. They also mistakenly stated that the President must report any decisions within forty-eight hours of sending military forces into hostilities, which only demands the President communicates with Congress after they have initiated (pg. 13). This is a failure on the behalf of Congress because they did not take control and stop the initiating of military usage from the President. The various times the military has been use by the President to initiate war the action itself was not him declaring war but due to his initiation of military power it has cause for this be a sign of initiating war. Yoo s could argue that the use of military power is part of his duties as the Commander in Chief as stated in the Constitution. If after these attacks they turn into war he did not perform any duties that are out of the scope of his position. One of the main goals of the framers was to divide power between the President and Congress to prevent the President from having sole power on making decision about war. Zoo’s states that there is a flaws to this theory because the frames allowed Congress to have sole power to make war making decisions (pg. 155). If the framers were trying to avoid giving the President sole power to dictate such important decisions, they did not consider the fact that they have now given the sole power toShow MoreRelatedBranding in Clothing Industry22425 Words   |  90 Pagesassociating it with the product class. Advertising and celebrity endorsement could be some useful tools for raising brand awareness. It is found that advertisement attitude is attributable to the influence on brand attitudes, affecting consumer’s intention to purchase (Mackenzie et al., 1986; Tsai et al., 2007). In recent decades, there is an increasing number of advertising campaigns around the world. Consumers are hence well-equipped with comparative elements to judge which product or service to

A Realistic Assessment of a Marine Biologists Earning Potential

Do you think you want to be a marine biologist? An important consideration might be what amount youll earn. It is a tricky question, as marine biologists perform a variety of jobs, and what they are paid depends on what they do, who employs them, their level of education, and experience. What Does a Marine Biologist's Job Entail? The term marine biologist is a very general term for someone who studies or works with animals or plants that live in salt water. There are thousands of species of marine life, so while some marine biologists do well-recognized jobs like training marine mammals, the vast majority of marine biologists do other things. This includes studying the deep sea, working in aquariums, teaching at a college or university, or even studying the tiny microbes in the ocean. Some jobs may involve tasks as odd as studying whale poop  or whale breath. What Is a Marine Biologist's Salary? Because the jobs of a marine biologist are so wide-ranging, their salary is also. A person that has focused on marine biology in college may first get an entry-level technician job helping a researcher in a lab or in the field (or rather, out in the ocean). These jobs may pay an hourly wage (sometimes minimum wage) and may or may not come with benefits. Jobs in marine biology are competitive, so often a potential marine biologist will need to get experience through a volunteer position or internship before they can get a paying job. To get additional experience, marine biology majors may want to get a job on a boat (e.g., as a crew member or naturalist) or even at a veterinarians office where they can learn more about anatomy and working with animals. More established marine biologists may earn from about $35,000 to about $80,000 annually. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median pay in 2017 was $62,290, but they lump the marine biologists in with all zoologists and wildlife biologists. In many organizations and universities, a marine biologist will have to write grants to supply funding for their salaries.  Those working in non-profit organizations may need to assist with other types of fundraising in addition to grants, such as meeting with donors or running fundraising events. Should You Become a Marine Biologist? Most marine biologists  do their jobs because they love the work. It is a benefit in itself, even though compared to some other jobs, they dont make a lot of money, and the work is not always steady. So you should weigh the benefits of a job as a marine biologist (e.g., often working outside, travel opportunities, trips to exotic locations, working with marine life) with the fact that jobs in marine biology generally pay fairly modestly. The job outlook for 2016-2026 showed positions for wildlife biologists were expected to grow at a rate of eight percent, which is approximately as fast as for all jobs in general. Many positions are funded from government sources, so they are limited by ever-changing governmental budgets. You will need to be good at science and biology to complete the education necessary to become a marine biologist.  You need at least a bachelors degree, and for many positions, they will prefer a person with a masters degree or doctorate. That will entail many years of advanced study and tuition expenses. Even if you dont choose marine biology as a career, you still may get to work with marine life. Many aquariums, zoos, rescue and rehabilitation organizations, and conservation organizations look for volunteers, and some positions may involve working directly with, or at least on behalf of, marine life.

Welfare Is A Program For Unemployed Or Poor People

Welfare is a program for unemployed or poor people in which the government helps pay for their housing, medical costs, food and more. It is government benefits that are distributed to people or families that are not financially stable. It enables them to maintain and keep a minimum or amount of well-being. There are programs that include the Women, Medicaid, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program, and Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) that give help to poor families. Back in the earlier days of America, the colonies imported the British Poor Laws. They made a distinction between the people who were not able to work because of their physical health or age and the people who are able to work, but are unemployed. Welfare history continued throughout the 1800’s when attempts were made to reform how the government dealt with the poor. Some of the changes were made to try to help the poor get to work instead of continuing to need assistance financially. Social workers wou ld visit the poor and train them in morals. A work ethic was advocated by those reformers in the 1880s and 1890s. Before the Great Depression, congress supported multiple programs to help and assist the poor. A Civil War Pension ,one of the programs, was passed in 1862. It provided aid to Civil War Veterans along with their families. Many families suffered poverty during the Great Depression and about one-fourth of the working people were left unemployed. This is when the government stepped in to helpShow MoreRelatedWelfare Is A Government Program1111 Words   |  5 PagesWelfare is a government program that provides financial aid to families or individuals who cannot provide for themselves. Welfare helps pay for poor people’s necessities such as food, housing, and medical care. Welfare is a program that is needed in the world, because some people don’t know how to be independent and take care of themselves. Social Welfare began after the Great Depression occurred. The Great Depression caused several families to become unemployed during and following this timeRead MoreWelfare Policy And The American Government1162 Words   |  5 Pages Welfare Policy Lana Eliot Sociology 320 Professor Mentor March 26, 2016 When a person first hears the word welfare, they think of free money, food and lazy people. This is such a stereotyped opinion of all that the welfare system is and what it does for millions of individuals and families in the United States. To socially define welfare one could view it as a: social effort designed to promote the basic physical and material well-being of people in need† (dictionary.com). BecauseRead MoreWelfare Reform Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesWelfare has been around for than six decades. Since the beginning of its creation people have question whether the programs offered is helping the community. As American taxpayers, your funds contribute to welfare for others. Due to the large number of members who receives government assistants, it is not that simple to monitor every individual. But, I propose that welfare should be reformed. Society is abusing the access to social welfare and to change the downfall sure to come, the governmentRead MoreSocial We lfare : The United States978 Words   |  4 PagesSocial welfare programs are when society organizes efforts to meet some human needs. In the United States social welfare philosophies have changed throughout the years, and support for social welfare has gone both ways. English Poor Laws During 1601, England was experiencing a severe economic depression, with large scale unemployment and widespread famine. Queen Elizabeth created a set of laws designed to maintain order of the kingdom: the English Poor Laws. †¯These laws remained in force forRead MoreWelfare Of The United States998 Words   |  4 PagesWelfare is a subject of debate in the United States because everyone has a different point of view when it comes to the Social Security Act. On one side the rich may feel that the government takes from the rich, and gives to the poor. The poor on the other hand may believe that they are being forgotten and not helped enough by the government. Are the government financial assistance programs really working and helping people climb out of poverty or are they creating lazy people who depend on governmentRead MorePoverty Is The State Of Not For Poor, Single Parent Households And The Disabled1153 Words   |  5 Pageshousing, and clothing) to survive. The government programs that are designed to alleviate poverty and help the poor are called â€Å"public welfare† or antipoverty programs. There is not just one public welfare program that exists, there are many. Each system is designed to benefit low-income groups and have their own targeted populace, characteristic, and/or need that it addresses. The most important programs are those that provide income support to poor, single-parent households and the disabled.4 OnRead MoreWelfare Reform Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesand debated about a systematical program called welfare. Some perceive it as dead weight to our nation and they question whether the programs offered are helping the community. As taxpayers, the American populous funds contribute to welfare for others. Due to the large number of people who receive government assistance, it is not that simple to monitor every individual. However, I propose that welfare should be reformed. Society is abusing the access to social welfare and to prevent the downfall sureRead MoreHow Did Poverty Represent The Problems Of An Expanding Nation During The Early Republic Period?1298 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning in 1837, saw poverty as the most significant social pressure in the United States. There were many unanswered questions regarding society’s role in helping the poor and underprivileged during this time in the early Republic. It was debated whether or not society was responsible for h elping find jobs for the unemployed, providing food and substance for starving families, and creating homes for those who were homeless. As the Republic matured, these circumstances brought about frequentRead MoreI Am Writing About The Social Welfare System Essay1432 Words   |  6 PagesI am writing about the Social Welfare System. How a system that was created for the purpose of helping the needy, has now become a highway for people to abuse of it. This public policy program has come to be a very controversial subject on both sides of the political arena. Originally created during the Great Depression, where the majority of households, through no fault of their own were living in poverty. Although many changes to the system have been made, the original focus is the same. ToRead MoreEssay Welfare-To-Work: Welfare Programming1070 Words   |  5 Pagesa horse to water but, if you don’t teach him to read, he won’t know its poison. This is exactly how the current welfare programs in the United States are run. The current Welfare Reform is failing due to Political indulgence in statistics, focusing on the percentage of individuals attaining employment instead of the quality of employee and employment. In order to be successful Welfare Reform must contain vocational education with proper job placement and fair sanctions on recipients. The numbers

Analysis Of Lehman Brothers Collapse And Key Audit †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analysis Of Lehman Brothers Collapse And Key Audit Matters As Per Asa 701. Answer: Introduction In this report, the collapse of the Lehman Brothers has been detailed. The collapse faced by the company has led to the emergence and immediate application of the Auditing standard 701 on communicating the key audit matters in the independent audit report. At first the historical background of the company Lehman Brothers has been given and for the last how many years the company is into banking business and how they have made profit. Thereafter the collapse occurred in the year of two thousand and eight will be detailed along with the reasons why the same has happened. Thereafter the reasons will be cited as to why the auditors have not given the qualified opinion in their audit report while authenticating the financial statements of the company. Then the auditing standard number 701 issued by the Auditing standard board in United States will be discussed and how the collapse had led to the emergence and application of this auditing standard. It has also detailed the key audit matte rs that the auditor must have mentioned while auditing the books of accountings compiled in the form of financial statements of the company. At the last, the report has been ended up with the appropriate conclusion and the adequate recommendation. The main aim of the report is to identify the key audit matters that would have been reported in Lehman Brothers audit report before happening of the historical event and what key matters are required to be mentioned as per the new and relevant auditing standard. With this aim the report has been prepared and the date has been collected from the reliable sources. Lehman Brothers Historical Background In the year of eighteen thousand and forty four, Mr Henry Lehman was settled in United States of America and he there opens a general store which is engaged in the business of selling the dry goods to the customers. Customers are mainly the cotton farmers. The name of the company was H Lehman. After the arrival of the brothers of Henry Lehman, the name of company was changed to Lehman Brothers. In the year of eighteen hundred and fifty, cotton has been considered as the most important crop in the United States of America and keeping this in view the three brothers have started to have raw cotton in lieu of the items purchased from their general store. Thus, in this way they have started the second business operation of trading in cotton. With the passage of time the company has engaged itself in the purchase and selling of commodities as the brokerage company and opened its first office in Liberty Street, United States where there is the home of factoring agents and commissioning age nts. After the civil war that has happened in the year 1862, the company has merged with another company and has started financing for reconstruction of the affected parts of the country. Thereafter the company has converted its business operation from trading in commodities to the investment banking including the areas of underwriting the issue of shares and debentures and financing the big and huge projects of the different companies across the world. Almost twenty six thousands were employed by the company across the World. The company has financed many projects including the Chicago railroad project, the north western railroad project, Pennsylvania railroad project, etc. The company has been the way of having funds from various big companies like the company has financed the Paramount pictures and Century fox in year of 1930s and has been the helping hand for developing the circuits for more than 700 theatres (HBS, 2014). The companys profit since its inception has been ever gro wing and increasing at the increased rate. Reasons for Collapse With this background, certain conditions were there and circumstances have happened which have led to the collapse of company on the day of fifteen of year of two thousand and eight is of big concern. The reasons for the collapse are given below: No Buyer The major cause of the collapse of the Lehman Brothers is non availability of the buyer at the time before the company has filed for bankruptcy. If the company would have found the buyer then the situation of filing the bankruptcy protection would not have arisen. In the case of other companies like Merrill Lynch and Bear Sterns, etc who have faced the same financial crisis but have not applied for the bankruptcy protection as they have got the buyers at an early stage (Azadinamin, 2013). Massive Accounting Fraud The Company has used the accounting treatment which has led to the total transformation of financial statements. The company has used the technique which is named by Repo 105. The term repo is referred to as the Repurchase agreement. By this technique the company sells its short term securities in lieu of cash to the counterparty for short duration and via agreement the company will repurchase the securities so converted in cash after the completion of duration. In case the company fails to repurchase the same then the counterparty can get it exchanged from other the market. The company records the transaction so entered as sales and receives the amount in cash. Through the amount so received in cash, the company goes on paying its liabilities and thus managing their profitability and liquidity ratios and major balance sheet ratios (Johnson, 2012). The company has been engaged in this practice for the last eight years before the date of collapse and has been successful in writing off $50 billion liabilities out of the balance sheet (Maux and Morin, 2011). As per the American accounting standards, the securities so given shall be shown as the loan in the books of accounts and when the same is repurchased the amount shall be set off from the loan. But the company is showing the transaction as sales in the books of accounts which are the clear cut violation of American Accounting standard. Though Repo 105 is permissible by the American accounting standards but the way the company has followed is not permissible (Chadha, 2016). In this way, the company has created the blunder mistakes in the books of account and has done window dressing through violation of the standards. Risk of Credit Default Swaps Lehman brothers was actively involved in this market. The company has massively engaged in the business of granting loans for the sub prime property areas. Subprime areas are considered as the inferior area and banks usually charged higher rate of interest on the amount of loan sanctioned and granted. Due to increase in the demand for the property the probability and chances of having the defaults in payment of loans have become higher which in turn have led the wave of failure of companies and various securitization vehicles in the market (Dutta, 2010). Government Restriction for Purchase by Barclay Lehman Brothers would also have not filed the bankruptcy protection had the Government would have allowed the acquisition of Lehman Brothers by Barclays. Government has totally restricted the acquisition following which the company was forced to file the bankruptcy protection application (Farndale, 2008). Independent Auditors Report Meaning and Why it is Issued The audit report is the report issued by the auditor of the company which states that the financial statements so prepared by the company from the books of accounts are reliable and relevant and represents the true and fair view of the financial health of the organization. Financial health includes the financial position of the company as well as the financial performance of the company. The independent word has been used simultaneously with the Auditors report. It is because the auditor has to be impartial and free from any bias and his each and every opinion that he forms on the financial statements of the company after full and complete verification shall be objective and shall not be under any pressure or any form of self interest or any other factor. The opinion so formed may be qualified, adverse, disclaimer or unqualified. The audit of books of accounts of the company is required by the corporation act of the respective country in which the company is operating. The independent auditors report is important and mandatory for all the companies and to be annexed with the financial statements of the company and shall form part of the annual report of the company. The independent auditors report helps the users of the financial statements including the stakeholders of the company to know the depths of the company in terms of its functioning, its performance and more importantly how much wealth the shareholder will earn by investing in the company. Without the independent auditors report no person can judge whether the company is operating within the limits of the applicable laws or not. For instance, in case of banking company whether the company is following the guidelines of Federal Reserve Bank and other similar regulatory authorities. Reasons for Unqualified Opinion The auditors of the company Ernst and Young have closed their eyes and signed the financial statements of the company in misbelieve that the Repo 105 that company is applying is accurate and in accordance with the American accounting standard. But in actual the auditors are very well aware of the fact that the company is in the technique of getting the books of accounts window dressed in such a manner that the liabilities of the companies are totally set off (Chatterjee, 2015, Mc 2010 and Inman, 2014). It has also been detailed that the managers of the company, in their financial statements, have not mentioned about these type of transaction in their notes to the accounts and the same fact has not been qualified by the auditor in his auditors report and also not made the stakeholders of the company aware of the fact that the financial statements of the company does not represent the true and fair view (Coenen, 2010). The major reason for issuing unqualified opinion is that the company has given $150 million as fees to the audit firm for auditing the books of accounts for the last eight years starting from the year 2000. The amount of fees is less than one percent of the revenue of the company earned globally (Goldstien, 2014). Therefore, the audit firm has the financial interest on the basis of which fraud has been committed. Meaning and Purpose The new auditing standard is effective from the 1st of January 2016 and will apply for the financial reporting periods ending in or after 15th of December 2016. The Standard is concerned with defining the responsibilities of the auditor while issuing the audit report to their clients. As per the new standard the auditor has to disclose the key audit matters in its audit report. In the standard it is mentioned as what will be the key audit matters and what key audit matters the auditor will report in his auditor report (AASB, 2015). The main purpose of the standard is to provide the users of the financial statements with sufficient and appropriate information through which they will be able to make corrective action with proper decision. Key Audit Matters Specified in the Auditing Standard As per the new auditing standard, key audit matters are those matters which are considered to be most important and significant to be mentioned in the audit report. The key audit matters are selected from the matters with those charged with governance. In identifying the key audit matters the auditor needs to apply his professional knowledge and judgment. The standards has specified that the auditor shall take into account the following while determining whether the matters observed during the audit are required to be disclosed as key audit matters: Areas which are defined as high risky areas or areas having the significant risks. These are to be determined in accordance with the Auditing Standard 315 on risks control systems. Areas where it is probable that the management of the company might have used unethical practices like wrong estimation of useful lives of an asset or impairment of an asset or booking of advance revenue or deferment of revenue, etc. The effect that the matters will have on the financial statements of the company if reported and how the users of the financial statements will deal with such disclosures. Thus, the responsibility of the auditor has been increased with the introduction of the new accounting standard and he has to apply his professional judgment with due care. Key Audit Matters that Auditor would have Disclosed As per the new auditing standard, the auditor shall disclose the key audit matters that he has observed while performing the audit of the company. Had this new accounting standard made applicable from the year of 2000 or in between anytime ranging from the year 2000 to 2008, the collapse of Lehman Brothers would not have occurred and the history in the banking industry of United States would not have created. If the auditing standard would have made applicable in those earlier then the auditor shall have disclosed the following key audit matters: The companys cash flow position has been deteriorating from the last three years resulting in total decrease of cash and cash equivalents amounting to $167 million. If this fact would have been disclosed then the collapse would not have occurred. The company cash flow also depicts that the company is paying dividend to its shareholders every year and the payment is mainly from the long term funds which the company keeps on borrowing on daily basis. Thirdly, being aware of the fact that the company is in the process of window dressing of the financial statements by wrongly applying the Repo 105 process, the auditor would have disclosed that the transactions will result the bad position in the future as the same or even worst position will happen when they will go for repurchasing the securities. Thus, as per auditing standard 570, the effect on going concern assumption for the preparation of financial statements shall also be mentioned (Masytoh, 2010). Conclusion And Recommendation Lehman Brothers, renowned company has collapse suddenly due to the accounting fraud that the company has been doing for the last eight years. The management of the company along with the auditors of the company has tried to cheat the users of the financial statements of the company along with the different stakeholders. The company has ended up with the filing of bankruptcy protection application. It is recommended for the auditors and companies to follow the very nature and purpose of auditing and accounting standard and shall not violate their terms and conditions in any manner. References AASB, (2015), ASA 701, Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independents Auditors report, available on https://www.auasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/ASA_701_2015.pdf accessed on 16/05/2017. Azadinamin A, (2013), The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers: Causes of Failure and Recommendations Going Forward available on https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230687440_The_Bankruptcy_of_Lehman_Brothers_Causes_of_Failure_Recommendations_Going_Forward accessed on 15/05/2017. Chatterjee P, (2015), Ernst and Young pays $10 million to settle Lehman Brothers Audit failure Lawsuit, available on https://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=16019 accessed on 15/05/2017. Chadha P, (2016), What caused the failure of Lehman Brothers, available on https://www.omicsonline.com/open-access/what-caused-the-failure-of-lehman-brothers-could-it-have-beenprevented-how-recommendations-for-going-forward-2472-114X-S1-002.php?aid=77283 accessed on 15/05/2017. Coenen T, (2010), Is Ernst and Young to blame in Lehman Brothers Fraud? available on https://www.aol.com/article/2010/12/23/fraud-files-is-ernst-and-young-to-blame-in-lehman-bros-fraud/19774486/ accessed on 15/05/2017. Dutta, (2010), Lehman Shell Game, Strategic Finance, Vol 92(2), pp 21-29 Farndale N, (2008), Lehman Brothers Collapse : How the worst economic crisis in living memory began available on https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/recession/3917584/Lehman-Brothers-collapse-How-the-worst-economic-crisis-in-living-memory-began.html accessed on 15/05/2017. Goldstien M, (2014), Arbitrators Ease Blame on Ernst and Young for Audits of Lehman Brothers, available on https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/arbitrators-ease-blame-on-auditors-of-lehman/?_r=0 accessed on 15/05/2017. HBS, (2014), History of Lehman Brothers, available on https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/history.html accessed on 15/05/2017. Inman P, (2010), Auditors Role in Lehman Collapse Unites Opposition in calls for reform, available on https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/mar/15/auditors-role-lehman-collapse-critics accessed on 15/05/2017. Johnson M, (2012), The failure of Lehman Brothers and its impact on other Financial Institutions, Applied Financial Economics, Vol 22(5), pp 377-383 Masytoh O, (2010), The analysis of determinants of Going Concern Audit Report, Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, Vol 6(4), pp 27-36. Maux J and Morin D,(2011), Black and White Red All over : Lehman Brothers inevitable bankruptcy splashed across its financial statements , International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol 2(20), pp 42-61 Mc G, (2010), Ernst and Young accused of hiding Lehman Troubles available on https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ernstandyoung-lehman-lawsuit-idUSTRE6BJ1FP20101221 accessed on 15/05/2017.

Competition for Status and Power Between Physicians

Free Essays on London

Where have you been? The location that I have chosen is London, England, which is part of the United Kingdom. I went there in the summer of 2001 and had a wonderful time. Its latitude and longitude is 52N and 0. The geography and physical scenery of London, England is mostly flat plains and lowlands broken by low ranges of small hills. A typical London street has many small shops, pubs and double-decker buses everywhere. Houses are all built very close together and there are very few apartment buildings. London is generally a cool region, which receives a lot of rain so, for our trip it was practically raining everyday. The transportation that my family and I took was by a Canada 3000 airplane. We stayed in London, England with family for about three weeks. In London we visited many attractions including Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar square, Buckingham palace where the royal family lives, The houses of parliament, London Tower Bridge, Westminster abbey where princess Diana and Prince Charles got married, and many museums containing collections of paintings and objects relating to the United Kingdoms history. My other favourite attraction was Madame Trusauds wax museum there I got to take picture with all my favourite superstars except they were all models made of wax. We traveled around using the subway except in London it is called the â€Å"Underground†. We also loved to travel in the bright red double-decker buses that traveled all over London and gave us a great view of the city from the upper deck. My family and I got to take a tour of Buckingham palace because once a year they open the palace to the public for tours. However the royal family was in Scotland on vacation during these tours therefore, we had no chance of meeting them so we were quite disappointed. I had also learned many interesting facts about the royal family. One of the things I learned is that today the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy... Free Essays on London Free Essays on London Poetry Assignment In William Blake’s poem "London", the speaker conveys London as corrupt and corrupting . The speaker presents his image of London through his many "wander[ings]" through its streets. He notes the despair of "every" Londoner and their oppression by the "church" and the state. In everyone the speaker passes he sees signs of misery and moral weakness. In fact, the speaker is one of the oppressed and exploited Londoners and he conveys his moral indignation through diction and metaphor. That power of diction is achieved in good part through repetition. Notice how 'charter'd' appears twice, 'mark' three times and 'every' a total of seven times. Coupled with the repeated use of 'and' gives an atmosphere of distinct oppression to the poem. 'London' singles out the Church for their part in this oppression. " Every face I meet" and " marks of weakness, marks of woe" shows that different societal groups are singled out to show how they were controlled. Also the use of the word "every" through out the poem shows that corruption has affected everyone from infant to elder. By using the word "how" at the beginning of the third stanza the speaker acquires an accusing tone upon the "Church" and state because they are contradicting themselves. Also by the repetitive nature of the poem the speaker achieves a respected viewpoint on London’s situation. The poem is rich in symbolic meaning. The 'mind-forged manacles' represent the disturbing sounds of clanking metal chains which were common during this time period. Also the image of manacles and cuffs are hammered into peoples minds. The young boys in the lower class system were given the task of sweeping chimneys therefore classified as chimney sweepers. By doing this their skin became stained from the soot, which connects them to the African people who were also suffering. The "Church" is "black’ning" because their job is to be charitable to everyone, but their h... Free Essays on London London Essay written by Unknown In London, William Blake portrays a very dark and abysmal picture of London. Throughout the whole poem, Blake never mentions a positive scene. The poem seems to deal with the lower class part of society, the part which lives in the poor neighborhoods. The first stanza begins with the speaker wandering around London. Throughout the poem, Blake repeats a word which he used in one line, in the next line. An example of this can be seen in the first two lines. He uses the word chartered in the first line without any deep meaning to it, but the use of the word charted in the next line shows that the Thames was set up so that somehow people control where it flows. In the next few lines, the speaker talks about all the negative emotions which he sees in the people on the street, "In every cry of every man,/ In every infant's cry of fear,/ In every voice, In every ban,/ The mind-forged manacles I hear." In the final line of the first stanza, the speaker says that he hears the mind-forged mana cles. The mind-forged manacles are not real. By this I mean that they are created in the mind of those people whom the speaker sees on the streets. Those hopeless and depressing thoughts, in turn imprison the people whom the speaker sees on the street. When the speaker says that he can hear the "mind-forged manacles" he doesn't mean that he can literally hear the mind forged manacles but that he can hear the cries of the people which show their mind-forged manacles. In the second stanza, the speaker focuses on two specific occupations, the chimney sweeper and the soldier. The word blackening in the second line of the 3rd stanza iis used in an interesting context. Why would a church be blackening? Blackening can mean getting dirty, but I don't think that the speaker is using the word blackening in that sense. I think it means that the church doesn't want to dirty it's hands on the chimney sweeper's problems. In the next sen... Free Essays on London Where have you been? The location that I have chosen is London, England, which is part of the United Kingdom. I went there in the summer of 2001 and had a wonderful time. Its latitude and longitude is 52N and 0. The geography and physical scenery of London, England is mostly flat plains and lowlands broken by low ranges of small hills. A typical London street has many small shops, pubs and double-decker buses everywhere. Houses are all built very close together and there are very few apartment buildings. London is generally a cool region, which receives a lot of rain so, for our trip it was practically raining everyday. The transportation that my family and I took was by a Canada 3000 airplane. We stayed in London, England with family for about three weeks. In London we visited many attractions including Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar square, Buckingham palace where the royal family lives, The houses of parliament, London Tower Bridge, Westminster abbey where princess Diana and Prince Charles got married, and many museums containing collections of paintings and objects relating to the United Kingdoms history. My other favourite attraction was Madame Trusauds wax museum there I got to take picture with all my favourite superstars except they were all models made of wax. We traveled around using the subway except in London it is called the â€Å"Underground†. We also loved to travel in the bright red double-decker buses that traveled all over London and gave us a great view of the city from the upper deck. My family and I got to take a tour of Buckingham palace because once a year they open the palace to the public for tours. However the royal family was in Scotland on vacation during these tours therefore, we had no chance of meeting them so we were quite disappointed. I had also learned many interesting facts about the royal family. One of the things I learned is that today the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy...

American presidency Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American presidency - Assignment Example This database should be broad enough to allow for online and instantaneous retrieval of information, in order to extirpate lies from the debate. The failure to introduce a form of fact-check will leave the public vulnerable to lies despite the gravity of the debate. For instance, Romney charged wrongly that the 716 billion dollars in healthcare reductions would proceed from current beneficiaries. Romney’s charge that Obama used 716 billion dollars to facilitate the Obamacare may be at least dishonest since even Romney’s running mate, Rep. Paul Ryan introduced similar source of revenue in his annual budget plans. Likewise, House Republicans had voted in favor of similar plans in 2010. In a closely related wavelength, Romney included the excision of the Independent Payment Advisory Board as a way of eliminating excessive spending. Although the House voted against the board in March 2012, the Senate has not yet effected the decision of the House. Under the 201o Healthcare Reform Act, the board does not recommend the rationing of healthcare services, increment of premiums, or deductions for healthcare beneficiaries as Romney charged (Cohen, 1). The likeable aspect of the format that was used is its interactive aspect. The interactive aspect was not merely underscored by the facilitation of the answer-question exchange between the presidential contenders and the head of the Commission on Presidential Debates, but by allowing the contenders to ask each other questions and to query each other on policy frameworks. This is instrumental in pointing out the lacunae in policy frameworks and understanding the tenability of the same frameworks. Clearly, the three takeaway points from the debate are: the jobs that needed to be created en masse; the healthcare system which Obama felt needed to be made egalitarian and public-centered as opposed to Romney who wants its spending assuaged; and the economy which Obama wants strengthened

Employee Involvement, Employee Programs in Organization Performance Case Study

Employee Involvement, Employee Programs in Organization Performance - Case Study Example As such, Gual and Ricart point out that employee involvement should be a platform where employer and employee are anticipated play roles that are designed to improve the organization performance at all levels. In the study conducted by Podsakoff et al., the actual ideas in employee involvement revolves around getting individuals to contribute in most aspects of work decisions and planning since when involved, they feel emotionally attached to the organisation. As a result, when employee increases mental ownership and commitment, the employer is able to retain the handpicked performing employees and there is fostered environment where people prefer being motivated and contributing. Apparently, an investigation carried out by Dunlop and Lee illustrates the concept of employee involvement as one comprising of three sub concepts necessary in mending gaps that might exist between employee involvement and organization performance. These aspects comprise of employee commitment, employment satisfaction, and organizational citizen behavior. Firstly, it is worth noting that employment satisfaction is mostly influenced by what people expect from their work places such as pay, prestige, security and performance. In this regard, it is the employer’s mandate to guarantee that the employee receives both intrinsic and extrinsic employment satisfaction. Secondly, there should be employee commitment particularly in the work they have been assigned.

The Handsomest Drowned Man Essay Example for Free

The Handsomest Drowned Man Essay The story begins with several children playing on the beach. That pretty much suffices for They see an abnormal looking bulge in the ocean. They try and guess anything that it might be until it washes up shore and they realize it’s a drowned man. The children, being children, start to play with the body until an adult spots the new toy and lets the rest of the village know. The men of the town carry the body to the nearest house and talk about how heavy he is. Since the body was in the ocean for so long, they figured it was the water that went to his bones. In their small fishing community, there is such little space around that dead bodies are not buried, but thrown over the cliffs and into the ocean. Since the village is so small, the men look around to see that none of them are missing, and automatically know that the dead man is a stranger. That night, the men of the village go around to other towns to seek a better idea of where he might’ve come from. The women stay behind to clean the ocean’s waste off the body. As they clean him off, the women notice that he comes from somewhere far away because the junk that they clean off isn’t a part of anything around their part of the world. When the drowned man is finally cleaned off, the women are left in awe because he is the biggest and tallest and most proud looking man they have ever seen. Hes so big that the women can’t find a bed big enough for him. They can’t find any clothes to fit him, so the women, sewed clothes for him from a sail. While they work on his clothing, the women feel like everything has changed because of their discovery. They start to compare the dead man to their husbands in such a way that made their husbands seem like the worst choice they’ve ever made. The oldest woman in the group of women looks down at the drowned man and says he has the face of someone named Esteban. All of the other women agree right away. Later on after midnight, while the women watch the body being dragged along the ground, they start feeling pity for the drowned man because of his massive size which must have been a burden for him. They thought about his life; and how he would have probably had trouble going through doorways, hitting his head on crossbeams, and not being able to find a chair sturdy enough to seat him. When the men come back and announce that none of the nearby villages can claim the dead body, the women get hyped up about the idea that he is now theirs. The men think their women are being ridiculous and just want to get this burial done as fast as possible. They make a type of stretcher to carry him to the cliffs. While the men rush to get the task done, the women try to waste time by covering the dead body up with other little items. The men complain the entire time until the handkerchief uncovers the dead man’s face and they all stand there in awe about how handsome he is and know that he is â€Å"Esteban†. They thought the same thing about the man and how he must have had such a hard time moving his massive body around and how burden he was causing the villagers. So the villagers make a formal funeral. They go to villages around them to get flowers, and they choose for him honorary family members from their village, The women mourn so loud it steers the sailors off course. As they carry his body to the cliff, the women are aware for the first time that everything they know doesn’t compare to the beauty of their drowned man. When they finally let the body go off the cliff, they don’t anchor it, so that he can come back if he wishes. The villagers realize that everything will be different from now on. They will make the best of their village and make it progress by building houses bigger and better, paint them bright colors, and plant flowers on their cliffs so that future sailor’s going by will see and smell them, and they will know that it’s â€Å"Esteban’s Village†.

Cultural Competency in the Workplace Essay -- Managing Racial Diversity

Today’s management in the workforce is composed of all types of people verses thirty years ago when white males held a majority of upper-management positions in companies. These positions are now held by a mixture of ethnic back grounds and women who hold just as many if not more management positions then men. Just by looking at the changes in management demographics shows how important it is for people to understand cultural competency in the workplace. Dr. Roosevelt Thomas Jr. (1999) stated, â€Å"Diversity is the collective mixture of whomever we have in our workforce characterized by their differences and similarities† (p.11). Managers and supervisors must understand the characteristics of a diversity mature individual; they also need to be able to articulate the differences between affirmative action, managing diversity, understanding and valuing diversity to build skills that transforms awareness into productive and supportive workplace behaviors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different characteristics of a diversity mature individual. The most important characteristic is when a person accepts diversity management responsibility. The person will need to understand the different types of ethnic backgrounds in the organization, and the different types of techniques he or she will have to use to motivate the staff. He or she will also understand how to treat everyone equal no matter what gender, or ethnic background the employee may be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Diversity mature individuals must demonstrate contextual knowledge. This knowledge is showed by understanding his or her personal objectives. The individual must know what he or she plans to accomplish before working with others to help develop their personal goals. Also by knowing the organizational objectives, the individual can develop a team to strive towards the bottom line of the organizational goals. Finally, the individual must be able to provide conceptual clarity to the team. This clarity will help the team understand how and why these ideas were created. The one thing a manager does not want is for the team to think everything is just busy work and not for a specific purpose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other characteristics of a diversity mature individual include a person who challenges conventional wisdom, and engages in continuous learning. When a person challe... ...tes is known as the melting pot of the world. This country is the home of many different cultures from many different areas. Cultural competency in the workplace is an issue that everyone needs to understand. By understanding the characteristics of a diversity mature individual, employees can focus on developing themselves to hold a management position in the future, and be able to relate to other cultures in the organization. Companies continue educate their staff on affirmative action, and what it takes to manage a diverse group. These companies want to supportive workplace behaviors in the organization to help achieve the bottom line, increase stockholder value. References Cox, T., & Beale, R. (1997). Developing Competency to Manage Diversity. San Francisco CA: Berrett-Koehler Publisher Inc. Martin, C., & Tulgan, B. (2002). Managing the Generation Mix. Amherst, MA: HRD Press. Subramaniam, R. (2005). Diversity at Workplace. The Star Online,. Retrieved March 15, 2005, from http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story/asp. Thomas, R., & Woodruff, M. (1999). Building a House of Diversity. New York, NY: Amacom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Political Attitudes Advocated in 1984

Political Attitudes Advocated in 1984 (AP PROMPT) 1987-Some novels and plays seem to advocate changes in social or political attitudes or in traditions. Choose such a novel or play and note briefly the particular attitudes or traditions that the author apparently wishes to modify. Then analyze the techniques the author uses to influence the reader’s or audience’s views. Avoid plot summary. Do not write about a film or television program. The world sixty years ago as seen by George Orwell was a different place than the one we live in and experience today. Technology was quickly developing and become a part of daily life. Atomic warfare was still a new threat, and the aftershock of its use in World War II was still raw in everyone’s minds. Totalitarianism was seen as a social experiment of sorts, and not having yet experienced the Cold War, some of America’s great minds were still looking at these governments with an open mind. Orwell thought that society needed to be forewarned about both the possible and real dangers of these issues, so his manifesto, 1984, was his call for social change, his call to respect the dangers that technology, war, and totalitarianism introduced. In 1984, George Orwell goes along the same lines as many other influential contemporary authors such as Kurt Vonnegut and Margaret Atwood to create a perfect negative utopia. In this fictional society, Oceania, the government hands out cruelty, oppression, and propaganda as is they were food stamps, and every single aspect of the society, down to diary entries, private conversations, and even personal thoughts, is monitored by the Party through intrusive devices called telescreens. The Party uses everything at its disposal to enforce complete and utter control, from an editing of language to constant surveillance, from historical factual manipulation to physical and psychological torture. As a result of the government’s inadequate ruling and constant manipulation, the members of the Party live in an urban, industrial hell. Orwell vividly and continuously demonstrates the effects of this broken society, and the picture he paints isn’t a pleasant one: Oceania is constantly at war, Party members must completely succumb to mindlessness and conformity to survive, the society is living in a state of decay and poverty, inequality is wide-spread and all consuming, and even the structure and loyalty of families is almost entirely dissolved. The fact that Orwell’s Oceania is modeled after the totalitarian governments of the mid twentieth century is a thinly veiled one, and the critique of these societies is more than obvious. His message, though, isn’t reserved only for these communistic cultures; it’s also directed at us. The moral of the story isn’t just that totalitarian governments, psychological manipulation, and misuse of technology are bad, it’s also that we can’t obliviously sit back and allow such crimes against humanity to continue or even gain power in the first place. Orwell’s warning is effective, too, because he wasn’t just creating a dystopia, he was literally suggesting that this fictional hell could become our reality in thirty-five years if we didn’t change the way we looked at things. We did make it past 1984 without devolving into this reality, but the social commentary presented is still relevant and will always continue to be, because the message really is to keep questioning the world around us and not accept any form of oppression, and that’s one that is important enough to keep in mind for the entire foreseeable future.

The UK Chocolate Market Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2100 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Review Tags: Chocolate Essay Did you like this example? 1) It is said that life without chocolate is like a beach without water (Christou, 2009). The UK Chocolate market is the largest within the European Union (30 percent of the EU market) with British citizens consuming more chocolate than any other EU nation (Barnett, 2006). Within the UK adults are the primary consumers eating  £3.5 billion a year compared to children who consume  £390 million a year, with the over 55s the highest consumers of all adults (Scott-Thomas, 2009) Twenty-one per cent of the total chocolate and confectionery sold in Britain is consumed by people above the age of 55, who spend on average  £700 yearly (Datamonitor, 2005). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The UK Chocolate Market Example For Free" essay for you Create order Within the UK the main manufacturers are as follows: Chocolate manufacturers by sales and share (Mintel, 2009) 2009 2007 2005 % change  £m %  £m %  £m % 2005-07 1 Cadbury Trebor Basset 1189 35.3 1101 34.9 1146 34 3.8 2 Masterfoods (Mars) 1010 30 953 30.2 914 27 10.5 3 NestlÃÆ' © 494 14.7 470 14.9 672 20 -26.6 4 Ferrero 134 4 126 4 118 4 13.2 5 Kraft Foods 61 1.8 63 2 141 4 -56.7 Own-label 217 6.5 189 6 124 4 75.3 Others 260 7.7 252 8 245 7 6.2 Total 3365 100 3154 100 3360 100 0.1 The current market can be broken down into the following segments: Boxed; chocolate assortment composing of a selection of high-added-value individual units (Booth, 1990) Countlines; chocolate-covered bars with an individual centre which can be eaten with one hand, so called named because these items are sold by number rather than weight. Moulded Bars ; regular bars of chocolate with or without inclusions i.e. nuts or filled centres i.e. soft caramels Seasonal Chocolate : chocolate confectionary produced for Easter through eggs and Christmas in gift boxes and miniatures Straightlines ; small items which are identical and eaten as casual snacks on the move i.e. Cadburys chocolate buttons Other Chocolate Confectionary/ Assortments; other The below table suggests that the most revenue generating segment using recent data is countlines @ 2244.44 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬millions. UK Chocolate Market Value (Euro m), 2004- 2008 Segment 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Boxed 1332.6 1350.2 1367.6 1385 1400 Countlines 2152.3 2176.4 2200.6 2224.6 2244.4 Moulded Bars 982.3 996.3 1010.3 1024.2 1036.3 Other Choc Confectionary 18.1 18.1 18 17.9 17.7 Seasonal chocolate 885.2 899.5 913.8 928.1 940.8 Straightlines 732.9 743 753.1 763.4 772.1 Total 6103.4 6183.5 6263.4 6343.2 6411.3 (Source: Business Insights; Chocolate Confectionery Industry Insights, 2008) Additionally within these segments the following brands are present: Chocolate confectionery brands by sales and share (Mintel, 2009) 2009 2007 2005 % change  £m %  £m %  £m % 2005-07 Cadbury Dairy Milk 345 10.3 318 10.1 275 8.2 25.4 Galaxy 146 4.3 138 4.4 129 3.8 13.3 Mars 99 2.9 97 3.1 104 3.1 -4.7 Kit Kat 80 2.4 70 2.2 83 2.5 -3.3 Flake 77 2.3 70 2.2 49 1.5 57.2 Aero 67 2 64 2 56 1.7 18.4 Snickers 52 1.6 51 1.6 57 1.7 -8.1 Milky Bar 52 1.6 50 1.6 60 1.8 -13.2 Others 2040 60.6 1921 61.1 2222 66.1 -8.2 Own-label 224 6.7 193 6.1 162 4.8 38.2 Total 3365 100 3154 100 3360 100 0.1 Market Trends: Seasonality: The chocolate industry is highly seasonal where peak seasons of Easter and Christmas observe a sharp increase in sales. Therefore if externalities affect these periods it can be assumed that performance will be severely curtailed. The recent recession over the Christmas period impaired consumer spending therefore to mitigate the loss of sales it is essential to maximise them over the Easter period 2010. Failure of new products Numerous new product launches have failed over the past few years where many companies have adapted the strategy of re-launching old favourites to leverage on their brand equity and consumer recognition. Barriers to Entry The chocolate industry is synonymous with a number of large firms (Mars, Nestle and Cadbury) dominating the market, enjoying a well established history and therefore high brand loyalty. Consequently barriers to entry are high for existing incumbents and new entrants. Increasing Cost of Raw Products As cost of raw products rise such as cocoa, chocolate manufacturers are shifting their attention away from marketing strategies and instead focusing on the input processes of chocolate making as opposed to the output. Potential Partnerships Given a saturated market and a continuous increase of raw material prices, to remain competitive and keep costs down, creation of partnerships are potential business propositions for manufacturers. Growth of luxury segment of market Luxury dark chocolate brands have entered the market in (Booth, 2000) due to the advocates of healthy eating and the anti-oxidant benefits of dark chocolate. Targeting the grey pound with a larger disposable income the luxury segment is increasing in market share presently. 2. The highly competitive UK chocolate confectionary market has suffered a hit during the 2008/9 recession where volume sales have decreased by 2.6 percent (Nielsen, 2009) throughout all leading brands. However thi s fall in sales contradicts the trend which has emerged throughout the recession of an observed increase in comfort eating such as chocolate within the affordable segment of the market. Currently the chocolate industry is saturated with increasing pressure from unfavourable economic conditions squeezing profit margins and manufacturers consequently looking for new growth areas. Segmentation targeting and positioning Segment of Chocolate Industry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"Countlines Analysis of the industry suggests that the most revenue generating segment belongs to the countlines segment at 2244.44 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ million yearly, making this a potential area for diversification for JFL. Consumption of these modern snacks such as Snickers represent a growing sector of the confectionary market as they subscribe well into on-the-go lifestyles which compliment modern society. Easily fitted into handbags, suit pockets and sportswear countlines are convenient snacks in a variety of choices which make them ideal for busy people everywhere. As per the above table and market research competitors brands within this segment are: Mars 49 g @ 40p Twix 58 g @ 45p Mars Snickers 58 g @ 45p Cadbury Dairy Milk 49 g @ 58p Green and Blacks Organic 50g @  £1.25 Positioning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Pocket Money Segment to luxurious treats There is a decline in the pocket money segment of the confectionery market due to increasing health concerns over childrens increasing sugar intake. Market research evidences that its the 11-14 year old segment of children who spend the most on weekly pocket money with expenditures of  £10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 15 (Youth TGI, 2009). Linking this to the entry strategy for JFL within the chocolate industry and the consumers propensity towards familiar brands and pricing structures; it is recommended that entry into the countlines segment should be positioned within the pocket- money segment. This should be at th e lower end for tweens and the higher end for the over 55s. Another suggestion is that JFL partner with another manufacturer such as Nestle to leverage on brand credibility and reduce start-up costs into the market, especially with increasing raw material prices. The risk of cannibalisation will be mitigated due to product launch into different segments. Consumer Segmentation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Over 55s Given that the over 55s are the biggest consumers of chocolate with a larger disposable income it is recommended therefore that JFL position themselves at the premium end of the pocket money countlines segment. Building on the notion that the health food chocolate market is growing due to its anti-oxidant benefits it is recommended that JFL target the grey pound with a product which offers health benefits (increased anti- oxidants, reduced saturated fats) which is perceived to be of superior quality. Consumer Segmentation Tweens 11-14 Building upon the increasing d isposable income of this segment and the reputable brand image that JFL has built within sugar confectionary it is recommended that JFL target this segment for entry into the market. Offering a product which is half the size of an average chocolate bar: at 25g within the countlines segment this will enable JFL to remain competitive on cost whilst leveraging the Nestle brand. 3. Product description; Over 55s An average sized premium chocolate bar (50g) specifically formulated to contain increased levels of anti-oxidant properties in the form of flavonoids, found in cocoa processed with minimal extraction and reduced milk content. Lines can be either solid chocolate classified as premium milk with added cocoa or individual centres of nut or coconut covered with premium milk with added cocoa. Tweens 11-14 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" A mini-bar of 25g formulated with milk chocolate where lines can be either solid milk chocolate or individual centres of toffee, caramel and nuts. Brand image; Over 55s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The branding of premium healthy chocolate to this segment should demonstrate one which will communicate the health benefits of eating chocolate rich in anti-oxidants. The differentiating factor with this brand is the fact that it is milk chocolate with added cocoa, for a premium creamy milk chocolaty taste with all the anti-oxidants of dark chocolate. The reason for this is the baby boomer generation (over 55s) has been evidenced as possessing an extremely sweet tooth, which create preferences towards sweeter milk chocolate rather than bitter dark chocolate. Therefore a bar which can be sold as milk with added benefits of dark will appeal to the psychology of this segment. Tweens 11-14 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The branding of the mini-bars, it is recommended will leverage Nestles brand and associated products such as breakfast cereal (Shredded Wheat, Cheerios, Golden Nuggets, Clusters) beverages (coffee, hot chocolate and Ne squik) and ice-cream. These are items which this segment of the market consume regularly, even on a daily basis, therefore creating this relationship between the new product of mini-bar and household names will re-enforce brand identity. Pricing objectives strategy; Over 55s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The price of this product should reflect its position within the higher end of the pocket money segment of countlines. The average weekly expenditure on chocolate confectionary for the grey pound is  £13.50 per week ( £700 per person annually) with buying behaviour of chocolate in the luxury end of the market a few times a week i.e. Green and Blacks Organic 50g @  £1.25. It is recommended that the price per bar of this product (50g) should be positioned just below the premium price but substantially above the lowest price of counterline competitors bars at 40p. Therefore the price for this product should be pitched at 80p per 50g bar. Tweens 11-14 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The average weekly expenditure within the pocket money segment is at the lowest range  £10 min  £15 maximum ( £520 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 780 per person annually) with buying behaviour at the lowest end of the market with daily purchases of chocolate. It is recommended that the price per mini- bar of this product (50g) should be positioned just below the lowest price of counterline competitors bars at 40p. Therefore the price for this product should be pitched at 30p per 25g bar. Retailing and distribution objectives and strategies; Over 55s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Distribution channels for chocolate are wide, with chocolate availability the highest it have ever been, from small retailers to mass-market outlets. To maximise product launch it is recommended leveraging on current trends such as increasing internet usage to distribute the product. The advantages of this distribution channel are that it is cost effective, can penetrate a wide market qu ickly and once set-up is easy to maintain. For this segment who are becoming more technology savvy and have availability to the net this distribution channel will be successful. Tweens 11-14 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Distribution for this segment follows the above, and builds on existing channels of all sizes of retailers to mass-market outlets. Given the proposed partnership with Nestle and their grocery products such as breakfast cereal and beverages, it is recommended that using coffee shops, supermarkets and ice-cream outlets will increase sales of the mini-bar. Additionally the internet for this segment is a must given the trend towards online purchases. Integrated marketing communications objectives strategies; Over 55s For this segment the IMC strategy will encompass promotional strategies which will use venues such as golf clubs, day centres, community leisure centres, gymnasiums and supermarkets to launch the product. The promotional aspect should encompass EMarke ting linked to offers, which when advertised at the above mentioned outlets customers will receive a specified discount if they print out a voucher online which is redeemable. Tweens 11-14- It is recommended using an IMC strategy which can be integrated into Nestles existing marketing plan so as to 1) drive down promotional costs 2) leverage existing expertise within Nestle and 3) build on existing marketing strategies. Extra consideration will be taken to ensure that cannibalisation does not occur through alignment of segmentation against current Nestle chocolate. EMarketing will be used as above for promotion using the same redeemable voucher offer. Evaluation and control; To see whether your product launch has been successful it is recommended that JFL implement a metric which enables accurate measurement of sales within both lines. As the predominant form of distribution and promotion is online, converted sales can be measured through CTR (click through rates). Ad ditionally measurement can be through response rates and online users to the JFL website. For control it is recommended allocating one employee per line who has expertise within EMarketing. 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